/* ====================================================================
 * The Apache Software License, Version 1.1
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004 The Apache Software Foundation.  All rights
 * reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 *
 * 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if
 *    any, must include the following acknowledgement:
 *       "This product includes software developed by the
 *        Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org/)."
 *    Alternately, this acknowledgement may appear in the software itself,
 *    if and wherever such third-party acknowledgements normally appear.
 *
 * 4. The names "The Jakarta Project", "Commons", and "Apache Software
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 *
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 * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
 * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
 * <http://www.apache.org/>.
 */
package org.apache.commons.collections;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.PredicatedCollection;
import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.SynchronizedCollection;
import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.TransformedCollection;
import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.TypedCollection;
import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.UnmodifiableBoundedCollection;
import org.apache.commons.collections.collection.UnmodifiableCollection;

/**
 * Provides utility methods and decorators for {@link Collection} instances.
 *
 * @since Commons Collections 1.0
 * @version $Revision: 3330 $ $Date: 2006-03-14 09:47:58 +0100 (Di, 14 Mrz 2006) $
 * 
 * @author Rodney Waldhoff
 * @author Paul Jack
 * @author Stephen Colebourne
 * @author Steve Downey
 * @author Herve Quiroz
 * @author Peter KoBek
 * @author Matthew Hawthorne
 * @author Janek Bogucki
 * @author Phil Steitz
 */
public class CollectionUtils {

	/** Constant to avoid repeated object creation */
    private static Integer INTEGER_ONE = new Integer(1);

    /**
     * An empty unmodifiable collection.
     * The JDK provides empty Set and List implementations which could be used for
     * this purpose. However they could be cast to Set or List which might be
     * undesirable. This implementation only implements Collection.
     */
    public static final Collection EMPTY_COLLECTION = UnmodifiableCollection.decorate(new ArrayList());

    /**
     * <code>CollectionUtils</code> should not normally be instantiated.
     */
    public CollectionUtils() {
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} containing the union
     * of the given {@link Collection}s.
     * <p>
     * The cardinality of each element in the returned {@link Collection}
     * will be equal to the maximum of the cardinality of that element
     * in the two given {@link Collection}s.
     *
     * @param a  the first collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second collection, must not be null
     * @return  the union of the two collections
     * @see Collection#addAll
     */
    public static Collection union(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
        Map mapa = getCardinalityMap(a);
        Map mapb = getCardinalityMap(b);
        Set elts = new HashSet(a);
        elts.addAll(b);
        Iterator it = elts.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()) {
            Object obj = it.next();
            for(int i=0,m=Math.max(getFreq(obj,mapa),getFreq(obj,mapb));i<m;i++) {
                list.add(obj);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} containing the intersection
     * of the given {@link Collection}s.
     * <p>
     * The cardinality of each element in the returned {@link Collection}
     * will be equal to the minimum of the cardinality of that element
     * in the two given {@link Collection}s.
     *
     * @param a  the first collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second collection, must not be null
     * @return the intersection of the two collections
     * @see Collection#retainAll
     * @see #containsAny
     */
    public static Collection intersection(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
        Map mapa = getCardinalityMap(a);
        Map mapb = getCardinalityMap(b);
        Set elts = new HashSet(a);
        elts.addAll(b);
        Iterator it = elts.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()) {
            Object obj = it.next();
            for(int i=0,m=Math.min(getFreq(obj,mapa),getFreq(obj,mapb));i<m;i++) {
                list.add(obj);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Collection} containing the exclusive disjunction
     * (symmetric difference) of the given {@link Collection}s.
     * <p>
     * The cardinality of each element <i>e</i> in the returned {@link Collection}
     * will be equal to
     * <tt>max(cardinality(<i>e</i>,<i>a</i>),cardinality(<i>e</i>,<i>b</i>)) - min(cardinality(<i>e</i>,<i>a</i>),cardinality(<i>e</i>,<i>b</i>))</tt>.
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to
     * <tt>{@link #subtract subtract}({@link #union union(a,b)},{@link #intersection intersection(a,b)})</tt>
     * or
     * <tt>{@link #union union}({@link #subtract subtract(a,b)},{@link #subtract subtract(b,a)})</tt>.
     *
     * @param a  the first collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second collection, must not be null
     * @return the symmetric difference of the two collections
     */
    public static Collection disjunction(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
        Map mapa = getCardinalityMap(a);
        Map mapb = getCardinalityMap(b);
        Set elts = new HashSet(a);
        elts.addAll(b);
        Iterator it = elts.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()) {
            Object obj = it.next();
            for(int i=0,m=((Math.max(getFreq(obj,mapa),getFreq(obj,mapb)))-(Math.min(getFreq(obj,mapa),getFreq(obj,mapb))));i<m;i++) {
                list.add(obj);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new {@link Collection} containing <tt><i>a</i> - <i>b</i></tt>.
     * The cardinality of each element <i>e</i> in the returned {@link Collection}
     * will be the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>a</i> minus the cardinality
     * of <i>e</i> in <i>b</i>, or zero, whichever is greater.
     *
     * @param a  the collection to subtract from, must not be null
     * @param b  the collection to subtract, must not be null
     * @return a new collection with the results
     * @see Collection#removeAll
     */
    public static Collection subtract(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList( a );
        for (Iterator it = b.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
            list.remove(it.next());
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <code>true</code> iff at least one element is in both collections.
     * <p>
     * In other words, this method returns <code>true</code> iff the
     * {@link #intersection} of <i>coll1</i> and <i>coll2</i> is not empty.
     * 
     * @param coll1  the first collection, must not be null
     * @param coll2  the first collection, must not be null
     * @return <code>true</code> iff the intersection of the collections is non-empty
     * @since 2.1
     * @see #intersection
     */
    public static boolean containsAny(final Collection coll1, final Collection coll2) {
        if (coll1.size() < coll2.size()) {
            for (Iterator it = coll1.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                if (coll2.contains(it.next())) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (Iterator it = coll2.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                if (coll1.contains(it.next())) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link Map} mapping each unique element in the given
     * {@link Collection} to an {@link Integer} representing the number
     * of occurrences of that element in the {@link Collection}.
     * <p>
     * Only those elements present in the collection will appear as
     * keys in the map.
     * 
     * @param coll  the collection to get the cardinality map for, must not be null
     * @return the populated cardinality map
     */
    public static Map getCardinalityMap(final Collection coll) {
        Map count = new HashMap();
        for (Iterator it = coll.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
            Object obj = it.next();
            Integer c = (Integer) (count.get(obj));
            if (c == null) {
                count.put(obj,INTEGER_ONE);
            } else {
                count.put(obj,new Integer(c.intValue() + 1));
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> iff <i>a</i> is a sub-collection of <i>b</i>,
     * that is, iff the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>a</i> is less
     * than or equal to the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>b</i>,
     * for each element <i>e</i> in <i>a</i>.
     *
     * @param a  the first (sub?) collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second (super?) collection, must not be null
     * @return <code>true</code> iff <i>a</i> is a sub-collection of <i>b</i>
     * @see #isProperSubCollection
     * @see Collection#containsAll
     */
    public static boolean isSubCollection(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        Map mapa = getCardinalityMap(a);
        Map mapb = getCardinalityMap(b);
        Iterator it = a.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            Object obj = it.next();
            if (getFreq(obj, mapa) > getFreq(obj, mapb)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> iff <i>a</i> is a <i>proper</i> sub-collection of <i>b</i>,
     * that is, iff the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>a</i> is less
     * than or equal to the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>b</i>,
     * for each element <i>e</i> in <i>a</i>, and there is at least one
     * element <i>f</i> such that the cardinality of <i>f</i> in <i>b</i>
     * is strictly greater than the cardinality of <i>f</i> in <i>a</i>.
     * <p>
     * The implementation assumes
     * <ul>
     *    <li><code>a.size()</code> and <code>b.size()</code> represent the 
     *    total cardinality of <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>, resp. </li>
     *    <li><code>a.size() < Integer.MAXVALUE</code></li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param a  the first (sub?) collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second (super?) collection, must not be null
     * @return <code>true</code> iff <i>a</i> is a <i>proper</i> sub-collection of <i>b</i>
     * @see #isSubCollection
     * @see Collection#containsAll
     */
    public static boolean isProperSubCollection(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        return (a.size() < b.size()) && CollectionUtils.isSubCollection(a,b);
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> iff the given {@link Collection}s contain
     * exactly the same elements with exactly the same cardinalities.
     * <p>
     * That is, iff the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>a</i> is
     * equal to the cardinality of <i>e</i> in <i>b</i>,
     * for each element <i>e</i> in <i>a</i> or <i>b</i>.
     *
     * @param a  the first collection, must not be null
     * @param b  the second collection, must not be null
     * @return <code>true</code> iff the collections contain the same elements with the same cardinalities.
     */
    public static boolean isEqualCollection(final Collection a, final Collection b) {
        if(a.size() != b.size()) {
            return false;
        } else {
            Map mapa = getCardinalityMap(a);
            Map mapb = getCardinalityMap(b);
            if(mapa.size() != mapb.size()) {
                return false;
            } else {
                Iterator it = mapa.keySet().iterator();
                while(it.hasNext()) {
                    Object obj = it.next();
                    if(getFreq(obj,mapa) != getFreq(obj,mapb)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of occurrences of <i>obj</i>
     * in <i>col</i>.
     *
     * @param obj  the object to find the cardinality of
     * @param col  the collection to search
     * @return the the number of occurrences of obj in col
     */
    public static int cardinality(Object obj, final Collection col) {
        int count = 0;
        if(null == obj) {
            for(Iterator it = col.iterator();it.hasNext();) {
                if(null == it.next()) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for(Iterator it = col.iterator();it.hasNext();) {
                if(obj.equals(it.next())) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    /** 
     * Finds the first element in the given collection which matches the given predicate.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or predicate is null, or no element of the collection 
     * matches the predicate, null is returned.
     *
     * @param collection  the collection to search, may be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @return the first element of the collection which matches the predicate or null if none could be found
     */
    public static Object find(Collection collection, Predicate predicate) {
        if (collection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator iter = collection.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
                Object item = iter.next();
                if (predicate.evaluate(item)) {
                    return item;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
    
    /** 
     * Executes the given closure on each element in the collection.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or closure is null, there is no change made.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param closure  the closure to perform, may be null
     */
    public static void forAllDo(Collection collection, Closure closure) {
        if (collection != null && closure != null) {
            for (Iterator it = collection.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                closure.execute(it.next());
            }
        }
    }

    /** 
     * Filter the collection by applying a Predicate to each element. If the
     * predicate returns false, remove the element.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or predicate is null, there is no change made.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use as a filter, may be null
     */
    public static void filter(Collection collection, Predicate predicate) {
        if (collection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator it = collection.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                if (predicate.evaluate(it.next()) == false) {
                    it.remove();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /** 
     * Transform the collection by applying a Transformer to each element.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or transformer is null, there is no change made.
     * <p>
     * This routine is best for Lists, for which set() is used to do the 
     * transformations "in place."  For other Collections, clear() and addAll()
     * are used to replace elements.  
     * <p>
     * If the input collection controls its input, such as a Set, and the
     * Transformer creates duplicates (or are otherwise invalid), the 
     * collection may reduce in size due to calling this method.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer to perform, may be null
     */
    public static void transform(Collection collection, Transformer transformer) {
        if (collection != null && transformer != null) {
            if (collection instanceof List) {
                List list = (List) collection;
                for (ListIterator it = list.listIterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                    it.set(transformer.transform(it.next()));
                }
            } else {
                Collection resultCollection = collect(collection, transformer);
                collection.clear();
                collection.addAll(resultCollection);
            }
        }
    }

    /** 
     * Counts the number of elements in the input collection that match the predicate.
     * <p>
     * A <code>null</code> collection or predicate matches no elements.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @return the number of matches for the predicate in the collection
     */
    public static int countMatches(Collection inputCollection, Predicate predicate) {
        int count = 0;
        if (inputCollection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator it = inputCollection.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                if (predicate.evaluate(it.next())) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    /** 
     * Answers true if a predicate is true for at least one element of a collection.
     * <p>
     * A <code>null</code> collection or predicate returns false.
     * 
     * @param collection the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param predicate the predicate to use, may be null
     * @return true if at least one element of the collection matches the predicate
     */
    public static boolean exists(Collection collection, Predicate predicate) {
        if (collection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator it = collection.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                if (predicate.evaluate(it.next())) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /** 
     * Selects all elements from input collection which match the given predicate
     * into an output collection.
     * <p>
     * A <code>null</code> predicate matches no elements.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may not be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @return the elements matching the predicate (new list)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input collection is null
     */
    public static Collection select(Collection inputCollection, Predicate predicate) {
        ArrayList answer = new ArrayList(inputCollection.size());
        select(inputCollection, predicate, answer);
        return answer;
    }

    /** 
     * Selects all elements from input collection which match the given predicate
     * and adds them to outputCollection.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or predicate is null, there is no change to the 
     * output collection.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @param outputCollection  the collection to output into, may not be null
     */
    public static void select(Collection inputCollection, Predicate predicate, Collection outputCollection) {
        if (inputCollection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator iter = inputCollection.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
                Object item = iter.next();
                if (predicate.evaluate(item)) {
                    outputCollection.add(item);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Selects all elements from inputCollection which don't match the given predicate
     * into an output collection.
     * <p>
     * If the input predicate is <code>null</code>, the result is an empty list.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may not be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @return the elements <b>not</b> matching the predicate (new list)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input collection is null
     */
    public static Collection selectRejected(Collection inputCollection, Predicate predicate) {
        ArrayList answer = new ArrayList(inputCollection.size());
        selectRejected(inputCollection, predicate, answer);
        return answer;
    }
    
    /** 
     * Selects all elements from inputCollection which don't match the given predicate
     * and adds them to outputCollection.
     * <p>
     * If the input predicate is <code>null</code>, no elements are added to <code>outputCollection</code>.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate to use, may be null
     * @param outputCollection  the collection to output into, may not be null
     */
    public static void selectRejected(Collection inputCollection, Predicate predicate, Collection outputCollection) {
        if (inputCollection != null && predicate != null) {
            for (Iterator iter = inputCollection.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
                Object item = iter.next();
                if (predicate.evaluate(item) == false) {
                    outputCollection.add(item);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /** 
     * Returns a new Collection consisting of the elements of inputCollection transformed
     * by the given transformer.
     * <p>
     * If the input transformer is null, the result is an empty list.
     * 
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may not be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer to use, may be null
     * @return the transformed result (new list)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input collection is null
     */
    public static Collection collect(Collection inputCollection, Transformer transformer) {
        ArrayList answer = new ArrayList(inputCollection.size());
        collect(inputCollection, transformer, answer);
        return answer;
    }
    
    /** 
     * Transforms all elements from the inputIterator with the given transformer 
     * and adds them to the outputCollection.
     * <p>
     * If the input iterator or transformer is null, the result is an empty list.
     * 
     * @param inputIterator  the iterator to get the input from, may be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer to use, may be null
     * @return the transformed result (new list)
     */
    public static Collection collect(Iterator inputIterator, Transformer transformer) {
        ArrayList answer = new ArrayList();
        collect(inputIterator, transformer, answer);
        return answer;
    }
    
    /** 
     * Transforms all elements from inputCollection with the given transformer 
     * and adds them to the outputCollection.
     * <p>
     * If the input collection or transformer is null, there is no change to the 
     * output collection.
     *
     * @param inputCollection  the collection to get the input from, may be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer to use, may be null
     * @param outputCollection  the collection to output into, may not be null
     * @return the outputCollection with the transformed input added
     * @throws NullPointerException if the output collection is null
     */
    public static Collection collect(Collection inputCollection, final Transformer transformer, final Collection outputCollection) {
        if (inputCollection != null) {
            return collect(inputCollection.iterator(), transformer, outputCollection);
        }
        return outputCollection;
    }

    /** 
     * Transforms all elements from the inputIterator with the given transformer 
     * and adds them to the outputCollection.
     * <p>
     * If the input iterator or transformer is null, there is no change to the 
     * output collection.
     *
     * @param inputIterator  the iterator to get the input from, may be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer to use, may be null
     * @param outputCollection  the collection to output into, may not be null
     * @return the outputCollection with the transformed input added
     * @throws NullPointerException if the output collection is null
     */
    public static Collection collect(Iterator inputIterator, final Transformer transformer, final Collection outputCollection) {
        if (inputIterator != null && transformer != null) {
            while (inputIterator.hasNext()) {
                Object item = inputIterator.next();
                Object value = transformer.transform(item);
                outputCollection.add(value);
            }
        }
        return outputCollection;
    }

    /**
     * Adds all elements in the iteration to the given collection.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to add to
     * @param iterator  the iterator of elements to add, may not be null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the collection or iterator is null
     */
    public static void addAll(Collection collection, Iterator iterator) {
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            collection.add(iterator.next());
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Adds all elements in the enumeration to the given collection.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to add to
     * @param enumeration  the enumeration of elements to add, may not be null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the collection or enumeration is null
     */
    public static void addAll(Collection collection, Enumeration enumeration) {
        while (enumeration.hasMoreElements()) {
            collection.add(enumeration.nextElement());
        }
    }    
    
    /** 
     * Adds all elements in the array to the given collection.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to add to, may not be null
     * @param elements  the array of elements to add, may not be null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the collection or array is null
     */
    public static void addAll(Collection collection, Object[] elements) {
        for (int i = 0, size = elements.length; i < size; i++) {
            collection.add(elements[i]);
        }
    }    
    
    /**
     * Given an Object, and an index, returns the nth value in the
     * object.
     * <ul>
     * <li>If obj is a Map, returns the nth value from the <b>keySet</b> iterator, unless 
     *     the Map contains an Integer key with integer value = idx, in which case the
     *     corresponding map entry value is returned.  If idx exceeds the number of entries in
     *     the map, an empty Iterator is returned.
     * <li>If obj is a List or an array, returns the nth value, throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException,
     *     ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, resp. if the nth value does not exist.
     * <li>If obj is an iterator, enumeration or Collection, returns the nth value from the iterator,
     *     returning an empty Iterator (resp. Enumeration) if the nth value does not exist.
     * <li>Returns the original obj if it is null or not a Collection or Iterator.
     * </ul>
     * 
     * @param obj  the object to get an index of, may be null
     * @param idx  the index to get
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
     *
     * @deprecated use {@link #get(Object, int)} instead. Will be removed in v4.0
     */
    public static Object index(Object obj, int idx) {
        return index(obj, new Integer(idx));
    }
    
    /**
     * Given an Object, and a key (index), returns the value associated with
     * that key in the Object. The following checks are made:
     * <ul>
     * <li>If obj is a Map, use the index as a key to get a value. If no match continue.
     * <li>Check key is an Integer. If not, return the object passed in.
     * <li>If obj is a Map, get the nth value from the <b>keySet</b> iterator.
     *     If the Map has fewer than n entries, return an empty Iterator.
     * <li>If obj is a List or an array, get the nth value, throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException,
     *     ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, resp. if the nth value does not exist.
     * <li>If obj is an iterator, enumeration or Collection, get the nth value from the iterator,
     *     returning an empty Iterator (resp. Enumeration) if the nth value does not exist.
     * <li>Return the original obj.
     * </ul>
     * 
     * @param obj  the object to get an index of
     * @param index  the index to get
     * @return the object at the specified index
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
     *
     * @deprecated use {@link #get(Object, int)} instead. Will be removed in v4.0
     */
    public static Object index(Object obj, Object index) {
        if(obj instanceof Map) {
            Map map = (Map)obj;
            if(map.containsKey(index)) {
                return map.get(index);
            }
        }
        int idx = -1;
        if(index instanceof Integer) {
            idx = ((Integer)index).intValue();
        }
        if(idx < 0) {
            return obj;
        } 
        else if(obj instanceof Map) {
            Map map = (Map)obj;
            Iterator iterator = map.keySet().iterator();
            return index(iterator, idx);
        } 
        else if(obj instanceof List) {
            return ((List)obj).get(idx);
        } 
        else if(obj instanceof Object[]) {
            return ((Object[])obj)[idx];
        } 
        else if(obj instanceof Enumeration) {
            Enumeration enumr = (Enumeration)obj;
            while(enumr.hasMoreElements()) {
                idx--;
                if(idx == -1) {
                    return enumr.nextElement();
                } else {
                    enumr.nextElement();
                }
            }
        } 
        else if(obj instanceof Iterator) {
            return index((Iterator)obj, idx);
        }
        else if(obj instanceof Collection) {
            Iterator iterator = ((Collection)obj).iterator();
            return index(iterator, idx);
        }
        return obj;
    }

    private static Object index(Iterator iterator, int idx) {
        while(iterator.hasNext()) {
            idx--;
            if(idx == -1) {
                return iterator.next();
            } else {
                iterator.next();
            }
        }
        return iterator;
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the <code>index</code>-th value in <code>object</code>, throwing
     * <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code> if there is no such element or 
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> if <code>object</code> is not an 
     * instance of one of the supported types.
     * <p>
     * The supported types, and associated semantics are:
     * <ul>
     * <li> Map -- the value returned is the <code>Map.Entry</code> in position 
     *      <code>index</code> in the map's <code>entrySet</code> iterator, 
     *      if there is such an entry.</li>
     * <li> List -- this method is equivalent to the list's get method.</li>
     * <li> Object Array -- the <code>index</code>-th array entry is returned, 
     *      if there is such an entry; otherwise an <code>ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException</code>
     *      is thrown.</li>
     * <li> Collection -- the value returned is the <code>index</code>-th object 
     *      returned by the collection's default iterator, if there is such an element.</li>
     * <li> Iterator or Enumeration -- the value returned is the
     *      <code>index</code>-th object in the Iterator/Enumeration, if there
     *      is such an element.  The Iterator/Enumeration is advanced to 
     *      <code>index</code> (or to the end, if <code>index</code> exceeds the 
     *      number of entries) as a side effect of this method.</li>
     * </ul>
     * 
     * @param object  the object to get a value from
     * @param index  the index to get
     * @return the object at the specified index
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     */
    public static Object get(Object object, int index) {
        if (index < 0) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index cannot be negative.");
        }
        if(object instanceof Map) {
            Map map = (Map)object;
            Iterator iterator = map.entrySet().iterator();
            return get(iterator, index);
        } 
        else if(object instanceof List) {
            return ((List)object).get(index);
        } 
        else if(object instanceof Object[]) {
            return ((Object[])object)[index];
        } 
        else if(object instanceof Enumeration) {
            Enumeration enumr = (Enumeration)object;
            while(enumr.hasMoreElements()) {
                index--;
                if(index == -1) {
                    return enumr.nextElement();
                } else {
                    enumr.nextElement();
                }
            }
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Entry does not exist.");
        } 
        else if(object instanceof Iterator) {
            return get((Iterator)object, index);
        }
        else if(object instanceof Collection) {
            Iterator iterator = ((Collection)object).iterator();
            return get(iterator, index);
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported object type.");
        }
    }
    
    private static Object get(Iterator iterator, int index) {
        while(iterator.hasNext()) {
            index--;
            if(index == -1) {
                return iterator.next();
            } else {
                iterator.next();
            }
        }
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Entry does not exist.");
    }

    /** 
     * Reverses the order of the given array.
     * 
     * @param array  the array to reverse
     */
    public static void reverseArray(Object[] array) {
        int i = 0;
        int j = array.length - 1;
        Object tmp;

        while (j > i) {
            tmp = array[j];
            array[j] = array[i];
            array[i] = tmp;
            j--;
            i++;
        }
    }

    private static final int getFreq(final Object obj, final Map freqMap) {
        Integer count = (Integer) freqMap.get(obj);
        if (count != null) {
            return count.intValue();
        }
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if no more elements can be added to the Collection.
     * <p>
     * This method uses the {@link BoundedCollection} interface to determine the
     * full status. If the collection does not implement this interface then
     * false is returned.
     * <p>
     * The collection does not have to implement this interface directly.
     * If the collection has been decorated using the decorators subpackage
     * then these will be removed to access the BoundedCollection.
     *
     * @param coll  the collection to check
     * @return true if the BoundedCollection is full
     * @throws NullPointerException if the collection is null
     */
    public static boolean isFull(Collection coll) {
        if (coll == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("The collection must not be null");
        }
        if (coll instanceof BoundedCollection) {
            return ((BoundedCollection) coll).isFull();
        }
        try {
            BoundedCollection bcoll = UnmodifiableBoundedCollection.decorateUsing(coll);
            return bcoll.isFull();
            
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the maximum number of elements that the Collection can contain.
     * <p>
     * This method uses the {@link BoundedCollection} interface to determine the
     * maximum size. If the collection does not implement this interface then
     * -1 is returned.
     * <p>
     * The collection does not have to implement this interface directly.
     * If the collection has been decorated using the decorators subpackage
     * then these will be removed to access the BoundedCollection.
     *
     * @param coll  the collection to check
     * @return the maximum size of the BoundedCollection, -1 if no maximum size
     * @throws NullPointerException if the collection is null
     */
    public static int maxSize(Collection coll) {
        if (coll == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("The collection must not be null");
        }
        if (coll instanceof BoundedCollection) {
            return ((BoundedCollection) coll).maxSize();
        }
        try {
            BoundedCollection bcoll = UnmodifiableBoundedCollection.decorateUsing(coll);
            return bcoll.maxSize();
            
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Returns a synchronized collection backed by the given collection.
     * <p>
     * You must manually synchronize on the returned buffer's iterator to 
     * avoid non-deterministic behavior:
     *  
     * <pre>
     * Collection c = CollectionUtils.synchronizedCollection(myCollection);
     * synchronized (c) {
     *     Iterator i = c.iterator();
     *     while (i.hasNext()) {
     *         process (i.next());
     *     }
     * }
     * </pre>
     * 
     * This method uses the implementation in the decorators subpackage.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to synchronize, must not be null
     * @return a synchronized collection backed by the given collection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if the collection is null
     */
    public static Collection synchronizedCollection(Collection collection) {
        return SynchronizedCollection.decorate(collection);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable collection backed by the given collection.
     * <p>
     * This method uses the implementation in the decorators subpackage.
     *
     * @param collection  the collection to make unmodifiable, must not be null
     * @return an unmodifiable collection backed by the given collection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if the collection is null
     */
    public static Collection unmodifiableCollection(Collection collection) {
        return UnmodifiableCollection.decorate(collection);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a predicated collection backed by the given collection.
     * Only objects that pass the test in the given predicate can be 
     * added to the collection. Throws an IllegalArgumentException on adding
     * an element if it is invalid.
     * <p>
     * It is important not to use the original collection after invoking this 
     * method, as it is a backdoor for adding unvalidated objects.
     *
     * @param collection  the collection to predicate, must not be null
     * @param predicate  the predicate for the collection, must not be null
     * @return a predicated collection backed by the given collection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if the Collection is null
     */
    public static Collection predicatedCollection(Collection collection, Predicate predicate) {
        return PredicatedCollection.decorate(collection, predicate);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a typed collection backed by the given collection.
     * <p>
     * Only objects of the specified type can be added to the collection.
     * 
     * @param collection  the collection to limit to a specific type, must not be null
     * @param type  the type of objects which may be added to the collection
     * @return a typed collection backed by the specified collection
     */
    public static Collection typedCollection(Collection collection, Class type) {
        return TypedCollection.decorate(collection, type);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a transformed bag backed by the given collection.
     * <p>
     * Each object is passed through the transformer as it is added to the
     * Collection. It is important not to use the original collection after invoking this 
     * method, as it is a backdoor for adding untransformed objects.
     *
     * @param collection  the collection to predicate, must not be null
     * @param transformer  the transformer for the collection, must not be null
     * @return a transformed collection backed by the given collection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException  if the Collection or Transformer is null
     */
    public static Collection transformedCollection(Collection collection, Transformer transformer) {
        return TransformedCollection.decorate(collection, transformer);
    }
    
}
